Solar Ice Maker Chills with Heat and Zeolite

Seems counterintuitive, but solar energy can be harnessed to make ice cubes. An electricity-free alternative to refrigeration and air-conditioning, solar icemakers use the sun's heat during the day to drive a chemical reaction that separates a liquid refrigerant from a solid absorbent. The solid absorbent stays in the solar collector, while the liquid refrigerant is driven away and stored in a separate component called the evaporator. At night, the chemical reaction runs in reverse; the solid absorbent sucks the liquid refrigerant back into the collector. The movement happens through natural convection - without pumps, valves or any mechanical components. In the process, the liquid refrigerant evaporates and gets very cold. Any water touching the outside of the evaporator is frozen to ice, in an intermittent absorption refrigeration cycle. Basically, the two materials (absorbent and refrigerant) create a chemical reaction that becomes so cold that anything near the chemical reaction freezes - like water. To create ice continuously, the chemical reaction is produced over and over again by separating the two chemicals, using the heat of the sun, and then combining them again, at night. Once the icemaker is constructed, it has a zero carbon footprint. Greenhouse gases are not emitted during its operation nor are there any chemicals emitted that would deplete the ozone layer.

Many off grid applications exist for solar ice makers using the zeolite/water-vacuum process diagrammed here. A reservoir of water in an evacuated chamber is used to make the ice. This water reservoir is connected by a tube to another chamber containing Zeolite. Since this tube is also evacuated it contains water vapor. The chilling process is started by opening a valve so the water vapor flows to the Zeolite where it will be absorbed. As this happens, the Zeolite warms up, absorbing heat from the water reservoir as it does so. The reaction is sufficiently intense to cool the water in the reservoir enough so that it freezes. For each square meter of solar collecting area, these ice makers can generate over 10 lbs of ice. ©2012 Squidoo

Three Types of Solar Ice Makers 
Solar ice makers use one of 3 different methods: Zeolite/water - vacuum, CaCl /ammonia, or carbon/methanol. The zeolite/water under a vacuum is the easiest to implement since it doesn't include a hazardous chemical like methanol or ammonia. The carbon/methanol needs 1 square meter of collecting area to generate around 20 lbs of ice. While the ice is generated over night with these intermittent refrigeration cycles, you can cover the solar collector after a few hours to start the process.

How They Work
The plumbing of the ice maker can be divided into three parts: a generator for heating the salt-ammonia mixture, a condenser coil, and an evaporator, where the distilled ammonia collects during generation. Ammonia needs to flow back and forth between the generator and evaporator.These ice makers operate in a day/night cycle, generating distilled ammonia during the daytime and then re-absorbing it at night. The gas condenses in the condenser coil and drips down into the storage tank where, ideally, 3/4 of the absorbed ammonia collects by the end of the day. As the generator cools, the night cycle begins. The calcium chloride re-absorbs ammonia gas, pulling it back through the condenser coil as it evaporates out of the tank in the insulated box. The evaporation of the ammonia removes large quantities of heat from the collector tank and the water surrounding it. Water in bags around the tank turns to ice. In the morning the ice is removed and replaced with new water for the next cycle.

Self-Cooling Beer Kegs
An example of a Zeolite ice maker has been incorporated into the Self Cooling Beer Keg. The self-cooling keg contains three chambers. A reservoir of water in an evacuated chamber surrounds the inner chamber containing the beer. This water reservoir is connected by a tube to the outer chamber containing Zeolite. Since this tube is also evacuated it contains water vapor. By opening a valve the water vapor flows to the Zeolite where it will be absorbed. As this happens, the Zeolite warms up, absorbing heat from the water reservoir as it does so. The reaction is sufficiently intense to cool the water in the reservoir enough so that it freezes. After 30 minutes, a cold glass of beer can be tapped and the keg will keep a perfect drinking temperature for at least 12 hours. There aren't any commercially available models of these ice makers yet that aren't rather large and cost $1000 or more. The first viable product is the beer keg($35) but soon will we see other products. If you can chill 5 gallons for 8 hours with no power, they would be perfect for chilled drinks while camping or boondocking.

Source : http://www.solaripedia.com

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Indonesian Government Published New Export Rules

Coal Minning 

Jakarta, 11/5 (ANTARA)

The Ministry of Commerce issued new regulations regarding the export of products mining which came into effect on May 7, 2012.

According to a press release the Ministry of Commerce Jakarta on Friday, Minister of Trade (Permendag) Number 29/M-DAG/PER/5/2012 about the laws governing the export of mining products published to support efforts to curb mining business.

"To support the orderly business in mining, to ensure fulfillment of the needs of mining in the country, as well as create business certainty and legal certainty for the mining business," said Director General of Foreign Trade Deddy Saleh.

Enforcement efforts aimed at controlling the exploitation of mining minerals, conserving resources and reduce the impact of mining on the mining activities damage the environment.

Permendag on mining exports regulate the export trade system 65 No. Tariff Heading / HS minerals including 21 HS Minerals Metals such as nickel, iron ore, copper ore, aluminum ore, manganese, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum, titanium.

The provision also includes 10 HS Non Metals Minerals such as quartz, limestone, zeolite and feldspar; and 34 HS rocks consisting of slate, marble, and granite onik.

In this case, the company wants to export mining products have gained recognition as a Registered Exporter of Mining Products (ET-Mining Products) in advance from the Director General of Foreign Trade on behalf of the Secretary of Commerce.

Recognition as an ET-Mining Products, among others, are given to companies that have a mining permit Mining Permit (IUP) Production Operations, Special Operations Production IUP, and the People's Mining Permit (IPR).

Mining company with operating license Contract of Work (COW), Production Operation IUP special processing and refining, as well as the Production Operation IUP specialized transportation and sales could also recognized ET-Mining Products.

Ministry of Commerce gives ET-product of mining on the recommendation of the Director General of Mineral and Coal Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM).

Ministry of Energy would only recommend companies that already have the status of Clean and Clear, as well as the development road map fusion.

In addition, if the holder of Mining Products ET-want to export, then it shall submit the export approval to the Director General of Foreign Trade Ministry of Commerce on the recommendation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.

Such recommendations should contain information on the type, No. Tariff Heading / HS, the exported amount, duration, destination port of loading and export of mining products.

Under the terms, each of the export of mining products should also be verified by a surveyor who has been assigned the Director General of Foreign Trade on behalf of the Minister of Commerce, as well as royalty payments required to settle. Government to improve regulations for mineral exports during the period 2008-2011 exports of mining products increased very sharply.

As an illustration, during that period, exports rose 703 percent of nickel ore, copper ore increased 118 percent, up 490 percent aluminum ore, and iron ore up to 4427 percent. (*)

 Editor: Maryati
Sources http://www.antaranews.com, Copyright © 2012

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Natural Zeolite for Radiation Protection

Natural Zeolite for Radiation Protection

Toxic nuclear radiation is being spread all around our world due to many reactors malfunctioning or spilling their deadly load into the environment. Radiation can cause long-term damage leading to leukopenia, genetic damage and physical deformity. Food can become contaminated with radioactive isotopes, as well the water supply that irrigates crops and supplies drinking water.

Natural Zeolite, has some unique properties that make it a viable aid in ridding the body of radiation once exposed. Radiation detox cold be a primary use for this substance. The zeolite molecules, acting like a magnet with a negative charge, grab on to the radioactive particles which have a positive charge. This means that if you have ingested or absorbed radioactive particles, the zeolite can be ingested and potentially find and grab on to those particles and remove them safely through excretion.

Natural Zeolites are so powerful they are even used in toxic dump and nuclear waste cleanup. At the Hanford Nuclear Facility in Richland, Washington, radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 have been removed from radioactive waste solutions by passing them through tanks packed with the natural zeolite. After the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, zeolites were used to adsorb radioactive ions.

More than 500,000 tons of zeolite was dumped via helicopter at Chernobyl to absorb radioactive chemicals and other harmful toxins that were released during the disaster. In addition, cattle were fed zeolite to help keep radioactive ions out of milk, and zeolite was baked into cookies/biscuits to help minimize the contamination in humans. Sandbags of Zeolite were dropped into the seawater near the Fukushima nuclear plant to adsorb radioactive Cesium that was present there in high levels.

Source :http://www.zeolite-sale.com

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Siemens Innovative Zeolitic Drying System

An innovative zeolitic drying system from Siemens has won the Award for Climate Protection and the Environment in the category for product and service innovations in the field of climate protection. Equipped with this system, the Siemens speed Matic dishwasher is around 20% more efficient than appliances in the highest energy-efficiency category. Its minimal water consumption, 10 instead of 14 liters per cycle, also sets a new record. Engineers at BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte are the first to take this completely new technology to the mass-production stage as well. Although it is only featured in top-of-the-range models at present, there are already plans to introduce it successively in mid-range models.

Inside the dishwasher are special minerals that generate supplementary heat. This shortens the program at 50°C to just under two hours, which is around 30 minutes less than is needed by conventional dishwashers. As a result, the speedMatic is also the fastest dishwasher in the highest efficiency category. This supplementary heat is generated by zeolites – aluminosilicate minerals with a very large surface area and microporous structure. The dishwasher exploits the ability of such minerals to absorb up to 40% of their dry weight in water and, in the process, give off heat. By the same token, they release this water when heated.

During the drying cycle, warm, moist air is fed into a container under the dishwasher chamber, which contains 1.15 kilograms of small white zeolitic granules. These absorb the moisture and release hot, dry air, thus substantially shortening the drying cycle. In the next washing cycle, the granules are heated to remove the moisture, thereby regenerating them. The zeolithes stay in the dishwasher during its whole lifetime.

Thanks to its increased efficiency, the new dishwasher helps save energy and thus reduce CO2 emissions. If all dishwashers with an energy consumption of over 1.3 kWh per cycle were replaced by ultra-efficient appliances with zeolitic drying, the savings in Germany alone would amount to over 1.2 million metric tons of CO2 a year. That corresponds to the amount of C02 produced by approximately 600,000 passenger cars, each driving 15,000 kilometers a year.

Sources : http://design.kitchensatlanta.com

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How to Use Zeolite for Adsorbent Co2

By Vincent Madrone, eHow Contributor CO2 is potentially toxic.

Zeolites are micro crystalline structures made from silicon, aluminum and oxygen that are highly porous and are able to absorb moisture. For this reason, zeolites are often used to help food stay fresh. Zeolites are commonly added to packed foods in small breathable packets that soak up any moisture that may be present or may accumulate in the product. This keeps the product fresh and dry and helps to prevent damage and degeneration from moisture. Zeolites are also able to absorb gaseous compounds like carbon dioxide (CO2), and can be used to remove or prevent CO2 contamination.

Instructions 

1. Order zeolites from a supplier. Online vendors sell zeolites in different sizes of granulation, from 200 mesh (smallest) to minus 6 mesh (largest). The size of the granulation is up to you and how you are going to use the zeolites to capture CO2. For adsorption, the smaller sized granules are best but are harder to track. 
2.  Place zeolites in the product or area that you want to clear of CO2 contamination. If you are using the zeolites to remove CO2 from the air, as in a garage or other closed space, hang the crystals from the roof in the middle of the room. Keep them in a highly breathable container. If clearing soil or other ground space, place the zeolites directly on top of the contaminated area so they can soak up the CO2. 
3. Change out the zeolites as soon as they become soiled. The zeolites have a set adsorption capacity that cannot be exceeded. Adsorption is the binding of molecules to a particular surface. If the crystals or its packaging become browned or dirty looking, exchange with fresh crystals or a fresh pack. In areas of high CO2 contamination, change zeolites every 24 hours to maximize their effectiveness. 
4. Use zeolites in packaging. To use zeolites to keep food or other organic products fresh, add a small sealed packet of zeolites to the product before packaging it. CO2 gases often cause packages to expand; the zeolite will adsorb the CO2 and prevent this from happening. 

 Source : http://www.ehow.com

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Organic fertilizer options available to all

Organic Fertilizer

The continued volatility in price of fertilizer, combined with heightened regulatory scrutiny, will leave many growers scratching their heads as to which way to go to fertilize their 2010 crops.

Conventional farmers and organic farmers share a need for a low cost, highly efficient source of nutrition for their crops. Many of the fertilizers that meet organic certification may also work for conventional farmers who are looking for a low-cost, readily available source of N-P-K for their farms.

Two broad choices are available for conventional growers, organic and synthetic. For organic farmers, only the organic option is available.

Jeremy DeLisle, an Extension agent in western North Carolina, speaking at the recent North Carolina-South Carolina Fruit and Vegetable Growers annual meeting, says, “Transitioning to organic farming produces some soil fertility challenges that transcend the use of conventional bulk fertilizers to achieve optimum soil fertility.”

Organic farmers can and do use composts of plant and animal materials and uncomposted plant materials are allowed under Federal NOP (National Organic Program) guidelines. Raw manure can be used, but must be applied at least 120 days prior to harvesting most crops.

The most commonly shared manure-based fertilizer used by both conventional and organic farmers is chicken litter. Nutrient component varies widely from one chicken farm to another and there is variation from one poultry house to another on the same farm.

A typical load of chicken litter might contain something close to 75 pounds of nitrogen, 27 pounds of phosphorus and 33 pounds of potassium per ton. DeLisle gave an example showing that a ton of broiler litter from a North Carolina poultry house could contribute 15 pounds of ammonium, which would be available immediately for plant uptake.

The example might also contain 60 pounds of organic nitrogen, but only 30 percent or about 18 pounds of N was available to plants over the course of the first season. The sample contained 21 pounds of phosphorus and 26 pounds of potassium, of which a producer should expect approximately 70 percent to be available in year one. DeLisle stressed that having a waste analysis performed on the sample is the key to managing applications properly.

Dairy and beef manure are also commonly used fertilizer sources. Dairy manure, like chicken litter will vary in nutrient makeup, but will typically contain 10-15 pounds of NP and K per ton. Beef manure is consistently higher in nutrient content than dairy manure with 20-25 pounds of nitrogen and phosphorus and 30 pounds of potassium. One of the more popular families of fertilizers used by organic farmers is plant-based fertilizers, primarily plant meals. All of these materials are low in N-P-K content and would not be sufficient as a stand alone fertilizer in either organic or conventional crops.

Soybean meal has 6-1-4.2 percent, respectively, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Cottonseed meal is 6-2-1, alfalfa meal is 4-3-1 and kelp meal is 1-0-2. Any of these meals can be used on organic crops, regardless of whether they came from plants grown certified organic. However, none of these meals can be used on certified organic crops, if they come from GMO crops.

Animal-based fertilizers available to both organic and conventional growers include blood meal, bone meal, feather meal and fish meal. Of these, feather meal (13-0-0) is highest in nitrogen and bone meal (1-13-0) is highest in phosphorus. Fish meal has a 9-3-1 percent NPK makeup and blood meal is 12-0-0.

Like cottonseed meal, these animal-based fertilizers will be slow release and the nitrogen component will not be immediately available to crops. Conventional growers using these products as fertilizer supplements or boosts, and organic growers using animal-based fertilizers, need to understand these materials are best used when combined with cover crops, rotation strategies and other cultural practices that take advantage of their slow release characteristics, DeLisle says.

Mineral-based fertilizers that are approved for use on organic crops are much closer to the fertilizers used on conventional farms. Organic growers need to double check these materials to be sure they are on the national list of approved chemicals for certified organic farms, DeLisle stresses. Even though these products may have on the label OMRI-approved, occasionally these materials don’t make it onto the national list, he adds. OMRI is Organic Materials Review Institute. The OMRI Products List is a directory of all products OMRI has determined are allowed for use in organic production, processing, and handling. Only products that have passed this review are included in the OMRI Products List and can display OMRI Listed Seal — the organization’s registered certification mark.

Sodium nitrate (16-0-0) is available to organic farms, but can only comprise 20 percent of the total N used in the certified organic system. Also known as Bulldog Soda, this product can burn plants, but is quickly and readily available to plants. DeLisle points out that this material, like many of the organically approved products, is difficult to find these days.

Rock phosphate is another option. It is low in phosphorus (0-3-0), but has a high (23 percent) calcium content. Likewise, potassium sulphate is high in potassium (0-0-50), but also has a high (18 percent) sulphur content. For specific crops under specific soil conditions these materials may be good options for either conventional or organic farms.

“For growers considering transitioning to certified organic production, I sometimes recommend they get soil testing done and apply conventional fertilizer to get the soil up to where it needs to be, then let it stay out of production for the three-year requirement to meet organic certification. In some cases investing a fourth year is cheaper than slowly building soil nutrition up with fertilizers approved for organic production,” DeLisle says.

Greensand is another option for both organic and conventional farmers because it has a good concentration of a number of micronutrients. It has good potassium content (0-0-7) and is a good source of slow release calcium. Greensand is a sand or sediment that consists of dark greenish grains of glauconite that is usually mixed with clay or sand. It is a natural mineral that opens up tight soil and binds loose soil. It is mined most intensively in New Jersey, Arkansas and Texas.

Gypsum (0-0-0) is also a good source of calcium (23 percent) and sulphur (17 percent). Gypsum from discarded building material and other sources is commonly used in the upper Southeast as a supplemental calcium source for Virginia type peanuts. Compost is a commonly used practice for small acreage organic farms. It is low in nutrient value, but on both conventional or organic farms, it brings in a good source of micronutrients, building soil biological activity and increase cation exchange capacity, according to DeLisle. Cation exchange capability is the soil particle’s ability to hold on to the nutrients needed by plants. Compost is sort of like a glue to bind nutrients to the soil, DeLisle explains.

Among the numerous data on soil test samples, most experts agree cation exchange is the least understood. Any element with a positive charge is called a cation and, for agricultural purposes, it refers to the basic cations, calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), potassium (K+1) and sodium (Na+1) and the acidic cations, hydrogen (H+1) and aluminum (Al+3). The CEC refers to the total amount of these positively charged elements that a soil can hold.

The cations are held on "exchange sites" where one cation can be exchanged for the same type or a different cation. The CEC is expressed in milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq/100g) of soil. The larger this number, the more cations the soil can hold. A clay soil will have a larger CEC than a sandy soil. In the Southeast, where there are highly weathered soils, the dominant clay type is kaolinite, which has very little capacity to hold cations compared to other clays.

In some areas of the Southeast one or more of these organic sources of fertilizer are available to farmers. With today’s volatility in fertilizer costs and other input costs, these may be good options for conventional farmers to consider.

Source : http://southeastfarmpress.com

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