Membuat Filter Untuk Air Tanah II

Pengisian Media Filter
Media filter yang digunakan yakni : Kerikil diameter 5 - 10 mm, pasir silika (pasir putih) , mangan zeolite, dan karbon akatif butiran (granule). Pengisian media filter dilakukan dengan cara memasuknan media filter melalui lubang CO yang ada pada tabung filter.

1. Pengisian Media Filter Mangan Zeolite
Untuk pengisian media filter mangan zeolite, susunan media filter ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 4. Lapisan yang paling bawah yakni kerikil/split/chips diameter 5 - 10 mm dengan ketebalan 10-15 cm, atau diisi sampai menutup sarangan (strainer) bagian bawah, Kerikil/split/chips  ini berfungsi sebagai penahan lapisan pasir agar tidak turun kebawah. Kemudian, di atas lapisan kerilkil diisi dengan pasir silika/silica sand dengan ketebalan 20 cm, dan di atas lapisan pasir diisi dengan mangan zeolite  dengan ketebalan 45 - 60 cm, disesuailan dengan tinggi filter. Pengisian diusahakan agar merata, dan lebih baik lagi sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam filter media filter dicuci terlebih dahulu.

2. Pengisian Media Filter Karbon Aktif
Pengisian media untuk filter karbon aktif adalah sebagai berikut: lapisan paling bawah yakni kerikil (diameter 5 - 10 mm) dengan ketebalan 10-15 cm, atau diisikan sampai meneutupi sarangan bawah. Di atas lapisan kerikil adalah lapisan pasir degan ketebalan 20 cm, dan diatas lapisan pasir adalah lapisan karbn aktif butiran diameter 8-32 mesh dengan ketebalan 45-60 cm. Susunan media filter kaebon aktif ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 4.

3. Pengisian Media Filter Campuran Mangan Zeolite Dan Karbon Aktif
Untuk keperluan penyaringan air dengan kapasitas yang lebih kecil, dapat juga dilakukan dengan filter dengan media penyaring campuran yakni mangan zeolite dan karbn aktif. Susunan media penyaringnya yakni : lapisan paling bawah adalah kerikil dengan ketebalan 10-15 cm. Di atas lapisan kerikil adalah pasir silika dengan ketebalan 20 cm, dan di atas lapisan pasir silika/silica sand adalah mangan zeolite dengan ketebalan 20 cm. Lapias yang paing atas yakni karbon aktif dengan ketebalan 25 cm. Ketebalan lapisan mangan zeolite dan karbn aktif ini dapat diubah sesuai dengan kualitas air bakunya. Jika kadar Fe tau Mn cukup tinggi maka ketebalan lapisan mangan zeolitenya lebih tinggi, sebaliknya jika untuk menghilangkan bau maka lapisan karbon aktifnya diperbesar. Susunan filter campuran tersebut ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 4

Gambar 4. Penampang filter dan susunan media penyaring

Cara Penyaringan dan Pencucian Filter :
Filter Ganda (Filter Mangan Zeolite Dan Filter Karbon Aktif)
Setelah unit peralatan dipasang seperti pada Gambar 1, pertama, filter mangan zeolite maupun filter karbon aktif harus di cuci dengan cara pencucian balik (back wash), untuk menghilangkan kotoran lumpur, partikel karbon yang halus dan kotoran lainnya sampai bersih. Skema peralatan secara detail ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 5, sedangkan skema proses penyaringan, pencucian filter mangan zeolite serta filter karbon aktif ditunjukkan masing-masing seperti pada Gambar 6-8

Gambar 5.Susunan detail peralatan penyaringan dan disinfeksi dengan sinar ultra violet

Gambar 6.Proses penyaringan air dengan filter mangan zeolit dan filter

Gambar 7.Cara pencucian filter mangan zeolit pada flter ganda

Gambar 8.Cara pencucian filter karbon aktif pada flter ganda

Read More

Membuat Filter Untuk Air Tanah I

Waroeng Cikembar - Membuat Filter Untuk Air Tanah

Air merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat vital bagi kehidupan manusia. Karena itu jika kebutuhan akan air tersebut belum tercukupi maka dapat memberikan dampak yang besar terhadap kerawanan kesehatan maupun sosial. Pengadaan air bersih di Indonesia khususnya untuk skala yang besar masih terpusat di daerah perkotaan, dan dikelola oleh Perusahan Air Minum (PAM) kota yang bersangkutan. Namun demikian secara nasional jumlahnya masih belum mencukupi dan dapat dikatakan relatif kecil yakni 10,77 % (Supas -1985). Untuk daerah yang belum mendapatkan pelayanan air bersih dari PAM umumnya mereka menggunakan air tanah (sumur), air sungai, air hujan, air sumber (mata air) dan lainnya.

Dari hasil survey penduduk antar sensus (SUPAS) 1985, prosentasi banyaknya rumah tangga dan sumber air minum yang digunakan di berbagai daerah di Indonesia sangat bervariasi tergantung dari kondisi geografisnya. Secara nasional yakni sebagai berikut : Yang menggunakan air leding 10,77 %, air tanah dengan memakai pompa 7,85 %, air sumur (perigi) 53,78 %, mata air (air sumber) 15,70 %, air sungai 8,54 %, air hujan 1,64 % dan lainnya 1,71 %.

Permasalahan yang timbul yakni sering dijumpai bahwa kualitas air tanah maupun air sungai yang digunakan masyarakat kurang memenuhi syarat sebagai air minum yang sehat bahkan di beberapa tempat bahkan tidak layak untuk diminum. Air yang layak diminum, mempunyai standar persyaratan tertentu yakni persyaratan fisis, kimiawi dan bakteriologis, dan syarat tersebut merupakan satu kesatuan. Jadi jika ada satu saja parameter yang tidak memenuhi syarat maka air tersebut tidak layak untuk diminum. Pemakaian air minum yang tidak memenuhi standar kualitas tersebut dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan, baik secara langsung dan cepat maupun tidak langsung dan secara perlahan.

Air tanah sering mengandung zat besi (Fe) dan Mangan (Mn) cukup besar. Adanya kandungan Fe dan Mn dalam air menyebabkan warna air tersebut berubah menjadi kuning-coklat setelah beberapa saat kontak dengan udara. Disamping dapat mengganggu kesehatan juga menimbulkan bau yang kurang enak serta menyebabkan warna kuning pada diding bak serta bercak-bercak kuning pada pakaian. Oleh karena itu menurut PP No.20 Tahun 1990 tersebut, kadar (Fe) dalam air minum maksimum yang dibolehkan adalah 0,3 mg/lt, dan kadar Mangan (Mn) dalam air minum yang dibolehkan adalah 0,1 mg/lt.

Di negara maju seperti Amerika dan Jepang, peraturan standar kualitas air minumnya lebih ketat lagi. Total kandungan besi dan mangan dalam air minum maksimum yang diperbolehkan adalah 0,3 mg/lt. Untuk menanggulangi masalah tersebut, perlu dilakukan upaya penyediaan sistem alat pengolah air skala rumah tangga yang dapat menghilangkan atau mengurangi kandungan besi dan mangan yang terdapat dalam air air sumur atau tanah. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kualitas air tanah yakni dengan menggunakan filter dengan media mangan zeolit dan karbon aktif.

Kontak Personil
Ir. Nusa Idaman Said, M.Eng.
Kelompok Teknologi Pengelolaan Air Bersih dan Limbah Cair Direktorat Teknologi Lingkungan Kedeputian Bidang Teknologi Informasi, Energi dan Material Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Proses Pengolahan Air Dengan Filter Mangan Zeolit Dan Filter Karbon Aktif
Air baku dipompa ke bak penampung, kemudian dari tangki penampung, air dialirkan ke filter mangan zeolit untuk menyaring atau menghilangkan zat besi atau mangan yang ada dalam air serta menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi. Dari filter ini air dialirkan ke filter karbon aktif untuk menghilangkan kandungan zat organik, bau, rasa serta polutan mikro lainnya. Kemudian, air dialirkan ke filter cartridge. Filter cartridge ini dapat menghilangkan padatan terlarut dengan ukuran lebih besar 5 (lima) mikron.

Dari filter cartridge air olahan sudah sangat jernih , dan apabila diinginkan dapat langsung diminum, air dari filter cartridge dialirkan ke sterilisator ultra violet untuk mematikan atau membunuh mikroorganisme patogen yang ada dalam air. Proses ini tanpa memerlukan energi yang besar karena bekerja dengan sistem gravitasi dan hanya memerlukan energi listrik sekitar 30 watt untuk lampu disinfeksi ulra violetnya. Air yang keluar dari sterilisator UV sudah dapat diminum langsung. Skema proses pengolahan diunjukkan pada Gambar 1

Gambar 1. Skema proses peningkatan kwalitas air tanah

Bahan Yang Digunakan

1. Pipa PVC, diameter 8 inc 1,2 meter
2. Dop (tutup) PVC 8 inc 2 bh
3. CO PVC 3 inc 2 bh
4. Stop Kran, 3/4" 5 bh
5. Knee 3/4", PVC 4 bh
6. Sambungan T 3/4" PVC 4 bh
7. Strainer 2 bh
8. Sock Drat Dalam 3/4", 2 bh
9. Sock Drat luar 3/4", PVC 10 bh
10. Water Mur 2 bh
11. Lem Epoxy 2 bh
12. Lem PVC (kaleng) 1 bh
13. Dempul 1 bh
14. Amplas 5 lembar
15. Pipa PVC 3/4" 1 batang
16. Batang Las 7 batang
17. Cat pilox 2 kaleng
18. Seal Tape 5 buah
19. Kerikil diameter 5-8 mm 3 liter
20. Pasir Silika 20 kg
21. Mangan Zeolit 20 kg
22. Karbon Aktif 10 kg

Cara Pembuatan

1. Pipa PVC 8" dipotong dengan panjang 1 - 1,2 meter.
2. Pada salah satu sisi yang sama, pipa PVC 8" tersebut dilubangi, diameter lubang 3 inci, untuk tempat memaang CO nya. Jarak pusat lubang yakni 15 Cm dari ujung-ujung pipa.
3. Selanjutnya dibuat satu buah lubang pada sisi yang sama (tegak lurus pusat lubang untuk CO). Jarak pusat lubang masing-masing 10 Cm dari ujung pipa bagian bawah, diameter lubang + 1 inci. Lihat Gambar 2. Lubang ini untuk memasang fiiting untuk pipa air olahan dan untuk memasang sarangan (strainer) bagian bawah.





Gambar 2. Letak CO, lubang pemasukan (in let), pengeluaran air (out let), dop dan saringan



4. CO dipasang pada lubang yang telah dibuat dan dilas denga menggunakan las PVC, dan diusahakan agar kuat dan tidak bocor.
5. Salah satu Dop (tutup) PVC 8" dilubangi pada bagian tengahnya dengan diameter 3/4 ", dan dipasang sock drat luar dan sock drat dalam, kemudian dilas dengan las PVC agar kuat menahan tekanan pompa. Dop tersebut dipasang pada bagian atas filter. Dop atas ersebut juga berfungsi untuk tempat memasang sarangan atas.
6. Setelah pemasangan CO dan sarangan bagian bawah pada pipa filter 8" seselai, dilanjutkan dengan pemasangan dop bawah. Untuk dop bawah dipilh bentuk yang rata agar filter dapat berdiri dengan leluasa. Cara pemasangan dop bawah yakni dengan menggunakan lem PVC dan setelah kering baru dilas dengan las PVC agar kuat menahan tekanan pompa.
7. Setelah pemasangan dop (tutup) bawah selesai, dilanjutkan dengan pemasangan dop atas yang dilengkapi dengan sarangan (srainer).
8. Setelah pemasangan dop atas dan dop bawah selesai, dilanjutkan dengan pemasangan kran-kran pengatur aliran masuk, aliran keluar dan kran untuk pencucian balik (back wash). Untuk filter tunggal pemasangan perpipaan dan kran pengatur dilakukan seperti pada Gambar 3.

Gambar 3. Skema pemasangan kran pada filter tunggal

Read More

Solar Ice Maker Chills with Heat and Zeolite

Seems counterintuitive, but solar energy can be harnessed to make ice cubes. An electricity-free alternative to refrigeration and air-conditioning, solar icemakers use the sun's heat during the day to drive a chemical reaction that separates a liquid refrigerant from a solid absorbent. The solid absorbent stays in the solar collector, while the liquid refrigerant is driven away and stored in a separate component called the evaporator. At night, the chemical reaction runs in reverse; the solid absorbent sucks the liquid refrigerant back into the collector. The movement happens through natural convection - without pumps, valves or any mechanical components. In the process, the liquid refrigerant evaporates and gets very cold. Any water touching the outside of the evaporator is frozen to ice, in an intermittent absorption refrigeration cycle. Basically, the two materials (absorbent and refrigerant) create a chemical reaction that becomes so cold that anything near the chemical reaction freezes - like water. To create ice continuously, the chemical reaction is produced over and over again by separating the two chemicals, using the heat of the sun, and then combining them again, at night. Once the icemaker is constructed, it has a zero carbon footprint. Greenhouse gases are not emitted during its operation nor are there any chemicals emitted that would deplete the ozone layer.

Many off grid applications exist for solar ice makers using the zeolite/water-vacuum process diagrammed here. A reservoir of water in an evacuated chamber is used to make the ice. This water reservoir is connected by a tube to another chamber containing Zeolite. Since this tube is also evacuated it contains water vapor. The chilling process is started by opening a valve so the water vapor flows to the Zeolite where it will be absorbed. As this happens, the Zeolite warms up, absorbing heat from the water reservoir as it does so. The reaction is sufficiently intense to cool the water in the reservoir enough so that it freezes. For each square meter of solar collecting area, these ice makers can generate over 10 lbs of ice. ©2012 Squidoo

Three Types of Solar Ice Makers 
Solar ice makers use one of 3 different methods: Zeolite/water - vacuum, CaCl /ammonia, or carbon/methanol. The zeolite/water under a vacuum is the easiest to implement since it doesn't include a hazardous chemical like methanol or ammonia. The carbon/methanol needs 1 square meter of collecting area to generate around 20 lbs of ice. While the ice is generated over night with these intermittent refrigeration cycles, you can cover the solar collector after a few hours to start the process.

How They Work
The plumbing of the ice maker can be divided into three parts: a generator for heating the salt-ammonia mixture, a condenser coil, and an evaporator, where the distilled ammonia collects during generation. Ammonia needs to flow back and forth between the generator and evaporator.These ice makers operate in a day/night cycle, generating distilled ammonia during the daytime and then re-absorbing it at night. The gas condenses in the condenser coil and drips down into the storage tank where, ideally, 3/4 of the absorbed ammonia collects by the end of the day. As the generator cools, the night cycle begins. The calcium chloride re-absorbs ammonia gas, pulling it back through the condenser coil as it evaporates out of the tank in the insulated box. The evaporation of the ammonia removes large quantities of heat from the collector tank and the water surrounding it. Water in bags around the tank turns to ice. In the morning the ice is removed and replaced with new water for the next cycle.

Self-Cooling Beer Kegs
An example of a Zeolite ice maker has been incorporated into the Self Cooling Beer Keg. The self-cooling keg contains three chambers. A reservoir of water in an evacuated chamber surrounds the inner chamber containing the beer. This water reservoir is connected by a tube to the outer chamber containing Zeolite. Since this tube is also evacuated it contains water vapor. By opening a valve the water vapor flows to the Zeolite where it will be absorbed. As this happens, the Zeolite warms up, absorbing heat from the water reservoir as it does so. The reaction is sufficiently intense to cool the water in the reservoir enough so that it freezes. After 30 minutes, a cold glass of beer can be tapped and the keg will keep a perfect drinking temperature for at least 12 hours. There aren't any commercially available models of these ice makers yet that aren't rather large and cost $1000 or more. The first viable product is the beer keg($35) but soon will we see other products. If you can chill 5 gallons for 8 hours with no power, they would be perfect for chilled drinks while camping or boondocking.

Source : http://www.solaripedia.com

Read More

Indonesian Government Published New Export Rules

Coal Minning 

Jakarta, 11/5 (ANTARA)

The Ministry of Commerce issued new regulations regarding the export of products mining which came into effect on May 7, 2012.

According to a press release the Ministry of Commerce Jakarta on Friday, Minister of Trade (Permendag) Number 29/M-DAG/PER/5/2012 about the laws governing the export of mining products published to support efforts to curb mining business.

"To support the orderly business in mining, to ensure fulfillment of the needs of mining in the country, as well as create business certainty and legal certainty for the mining business," said Director General of Foreign Trade Deddy Saleh.

Enforcement efforts aimed at controlling the exploitation of mining minerals, conserving resources and reduce the impact of mining on the mining activities damage the environment.

Permendag on mining exports regulate the export trade system 65 No. Tariff Heading / HS minerals including 21 HS Minerals Metals such as nickel, iron ore, copper ore, aluminum ore, manganese, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum, titanium.

The provision also includes 10 HS Non Metals Minerals such as quartz, limestone, zeolite and feldspar; and 34 HS rocks consisting of slate, marble, and granite onik.

In this case, the company wants to export mining products have gained recognition as a Registered Exporter of Mining Products (ET-Mining Products) in advance from the Director General of Foreign Trade on behalf of the Secretary of Commerce.

Recognition as an ET-Mining Products, among others, are given to companies that have a mining permit Mining Permit (IUP) Production Operations, Special Operations Production IUP, and the People's Mining Permit (IPR).

Mining company with operating license Contract of Work (COW), Production Operation IUP special processing and refining, as well as the Production Operation IUP specialized transportation and sales could also recognized ET-Mining Products.

Ministry of Commerce gives ET-product of mining on the recommendation of the Director General of Mineral and Coal Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM).

Ministry of Energy would only recommend companies that already have the status of Clean and Clear, as well as the development road map fusion.

In addition, if the holder of Mining Products ET-want to export, then it shall submit the export approval to the Director General of Foreign Trade Ministry of Commerce on the recommendation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.

Such recommendations should contain information on the type, No. Tariff Heading / HS, the exported amount, duration, destination port of loading and export of mining products.

Under the terms, each of the export of mining products should also be verified by a surveyor who has been assigned the Director General of Foreign Trade on behalf of the Minister of Commerce, as well as royalty payments required to settle. Government to improve regulations for mineral exports during the period 2008-2011 exports of mining products increased very sharply.

As an illustration, during that period, exports rose 703 percent of nickel ore, copper ore increased 118 percent, up 490 percent aluminum ore, and iron ore up to 4427 percent. (*)

 Editor: Maryati
Sources http://www.antaranews.com, Copyright © 2012

Read More

Natural Zeolite for Radiation Protection

Natural Zeolite for Radiation Protection

Toxic nuclear radiation is being spread all around our world due to many reactors malfunctioning or spilling their deadly load into the environment. Radiation can cause long-term damage leading to leukopenia, genetic damage and physical deformity. Food can become contaminated with radioactive isotopes, as well the water supply that irrigates crops and supplies drinking water.

Natural Zeolite, has some unique properties that make it a viable aid in ridding the body of radiation once exposed. Radiation detox cold be a primary use for this substance. The zeolite molecules, acting like a magnet with a negative charge, grab on to the radioactive particles which have a positive charge. This means that if you have ingested or absorbed radioactive particles, the zeolite can be ingested and potentially find and grab on to those particles and remove them safely through excretion.

Natural Zeolites are so powerful they are even used in toxic dump and nuclear waste cleanup. At the Hanford Nuclear Facility in Richland, Washington, radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 have been removed from radioactive waste solutions by passing them through tanks packed with the natural zeolite. After the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, zeolites were used to adsorb radioactive ions.

More than 500,000 tons of zeolite was dumped via helicopter at Chernobyl to absorb radioactive chemicals and other harmful toxins that were released during the disaster. In addition, cattle were fed zeolite to help keep radioactive ions out of milk, and zeolite was baked into cookies/biscuits to help minimize the contamination in humans. Sandbags of Zeolite were dropped into the seawater near the Fukushima nuclear plant to adsorb radioactive Cesium that was present there in high levels.

Source :http://www.zeolite-sale.com

Read More

Siemens Innovative Zeolitic Drying System

An innovative zeolitic drying system from Siemens has won the Award for Climate Protection and the Environment in the category for product and service innovations in the field of climate protection. Equipped with this system, the Siemens speed Matic dishwasher is around 20% more efficient than appliances in the highest energy-efficiency category. Its minimal water consumption, 10 instead of 14 liters per cycle, also sets a new record. Engineers at BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte are the first to take this completely new technology to the mass-production stage as well. Although it is only featured in top-of-the-range models at present, there are already plans to introduce it successively in mid-range models.

Inside the dishwasher are special minerals that generate supplementary heat. This shortens the program at 50°C to just under two hours, which is around 30 minutes less than is needed by conventional dishwashers. As a result, the speedMatic is also the fastest dishwasher in the highest efficiency category. This supplementary heat is generated by zeolites – aluminosilicate minerals with a very large surface area and microporous structure. The dishwasher exploits the ability of such minerals to absorb up to 40% of their dry weight in water and, in the process, give off heat. By the same token, they release this water when heated.

During the drying cycle, warm, moist air is fed into a container under the dishwasher chamber, which contains 1.15 kilograms of small white zeolitic granules. These absorb the moisture and release hot, dry air, thus substantially shortening the drying cycle. In the next washing cycle, the granules are heated to remove the moisture, thereby regenerating them. The zeolithes stay in the dishwasher during its whole lifetime.

Thanks to its increased efficiency, the new dishwasher helps save energy and thus reduce CO2 emissions. If all dishwashers with an energy consumption of over 1.3 kWh per cycle were replaced by ultra-efficient appliances with zeolitic drying, the savings in Germany alone would amount to over 1.2 million metric tons of CO2 a year. That corresponds to the amount of C02 produced by approximately 600,000 passenger cars, each driving 15,000 kilometers a year.

Sources : http://design.kitchensatlanta.com

Read More

How to Use Zeolite for Adsorbent Co2

By Vincent Madrone, eHow Contributor CO2 is potentially toxic.

Zeolites are micro crystalline structures made from silicon, aluminum and oxygen that are highly porous and are able to absorb moisture. For this reason, zeolites are often used to help food stay fresh. Zeolites are commonly added to packed foods in small breathable packets that soak up any moisture that may be present or may accumulate in the product. This keeps the product fresh and dry and helps to prevent damage and degeneration from moisture. Zeolites are also able to absorb gaseous compounds like carbon dioxide (CO2), and can be used to remove or prevent CO2 contamination.

Instructions 

1. Order zeolites from a supplier. Online vendors sell zeolites in different sizes of granulation, from 200 mesh (smallest) to minus 6 mesh (largest). The size of the granulation is up to you and how you are going to use the zeolites to capture CO2. For adsorption, the smaller sized granules are best but are harder to track. 
2.  Place zeolites in the product or area that you want to clear of CO2 contamination. If you are using the zeolites to remove CO2 from the air, as in a garage or other closed space, hang the crystals from the roof in the middle of the room. Keep them in a highly breathable container. If clearing soil or other ground space, place the zeolites directly on top of the contaminated area so they can soak up the CO2. 
3. Change out the zeolites as soon as they become soiled. The zeolites have a set adsorption capacity that cannot be exceeded. Adsorption is the binding of molecules to a particular surface. If the crystals or its packaging become browned or dirty looking, exchange with fresh crystals or a fresh pack. In areas of high CO2 contamination, change zeolites every 24 hours to maximize their effectiveness. 
4. Use zeolites in packaging. To use zeolites to keep food or other organic products fresh, add a small sealed packet of zeolites to the product before packaging it. CO2 gases often cause packages to expand; the zeolite will adsorb the CO2 and prevent this from happening. 

 Source : http://www.ehow.com

Read More

Organic fertilizer options available to all

Organic Fertilizer

The continued volatility in price of fertilizer, combined with heightened regulatory scrutiny, will leave many growers scratching their heads as to which way to go to fertilize their 2010 crops.

Conventional farmers and organic farmers share a need for a low cost, highly efficient source of nutrition for their crops. Many of the fertilizers that meet organic certification may also work for conventional farmers who are looking for a low-cost, readily available source of N-P-K for their farms.

Two broad choices are available for conventional growers, organic and synthetic. For organic farmers, only the organic option is available.

Jeremy DeLisle, an Extension agent in western North Carolina, speaking at the recent North Carolina-South Carolina Fruit and Vegetable Growers annual meeting, says, “Transitioning to organic farming produces some soil fertility challenges that transcend the use of conventional bulk fertilizers to achieve optimum soil fertility.”

Organic farmers can and do use composts of plant and animal materials and uncomposted plant materials are allowed under Federal NOP (National Organic Program) guidelines. Raw manure can be used, but must be applied at least 120 days prior to harvesting most crops.

The most commonly shared manure-based fertilizer used by both conventional and organic farmers is chicken litter. Nutrient component varies widely from one chicken farm to another and there is variation from one poultry house to another on the same farm.

A typical load of chicken litter might contain something close to 75 pounds of nitrogen, 27 pounds of phosphorus and 33 pounds of potassium per ton. DeLisle gave an example showing that a ton of broiler litter from a North Carolina poultry house could contribute 15 pounds of ammonium, which would be available immediately for plant uptake.

The example might also contain 60 pounds of organic nitrogen, but only 30 percent or about 18 pounds of N was available to plants over the course of the first season. The sample contained 21 pounds of phosphorus and 26 pounds of potassium, of which a producer should expect approximately 70 percent to be available in year one. DeLisle stressed that having a waste analysis performed on the sample is the key to managing applications properly.

Dairy and beef manure are also commonly used fertilizer sources. Dairy manure, like chicken litter will vary in nutrient makeup, but will typically contain 10-15 pounds of NP and K per ton. Beef manure is consistently higher in nutrient content than dairy manure with 20-25 pounds of nitrogen and phosphorus and 30 pounds of potassium. One of the more popular families of fertilizers used by organic farmers is plant-based fertilizers, primarily plant meals. All of these materials are low in N-P-K content and would not be sufficient as a stand alone fertilizer in either organic or conventional crops.

Soybean meal has 6-1-4.2 percent, respectively, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Cottonseed meal is 6-2-1, alfalfa meal is 4-3-1 and kelp meal is 1-0-2. Any of these meals can be used on organic crops, regardless of whether they came from plants grown certified organic. However, none of these meals can be used on certified organic crops, if they come from GMO crops.

Animal-based fertilizers available to both organic and conventional growers include blood meal, bone meal, feather meal and fish meal. Of these, feather meal (13-0-0) is highest in nitrogen and bone meal (1-13-0) is highest in phosphorus. Fish meal has a 9-3-1 percent NPK makeup and blood meal is 12-0-0.

Like cottonseed meal, these animal-based fertilizers will be slow release and the nitrogen component will not be immediately available to crops. Conventional growers using these products as fertilizer supplements or boosts, and organic growers using animal-based fertilizers, need to understand these materials are best used when combined with cover crops, rotation strategies and other cultural practices that take advantage of their slow release characteristics, DeLisle says.

Mineral-based fertilizers that are approved for use on organic crops are much closer to the fertilizers used on conventional farms. Organic growers need to double check these materials to be sure they are on the national list of approved chemicals for certified organic farms, DeLisle stresses. Even though these products may have on the label OMRI-approved, occasionally these materials don’t make it onto the national list, he adds. OMRI is Organic Materials Review Institute. The OMRI Products List is a directory of all products OMRI has determined are allowed for use in organic production, processing, and handling. Only products that have passed this review are included in the OMRI Products List and can display OMRI Listed Seal — the organization’s registered certification mark.

Sodium nitrate (16-0-0) is available to organic farms, but can only comprise 20 percent of the total N used in the certified organic system. Also known as Bulldog Soda, this product can burn plants, but is quickly and readily available to plants. DeLisle points out that this material, like many of the organically approved products, is difficult to find these days.

Rock phosphate is another option. It is low in phosphorus (0-3-0), but has a high (23 percent) calcium content. Likewise, potassium sulphate is high in potassium (0-0-50), but also has a high (18 percent) sulphur content. For specific crops under specific soil conditions these materials may be good options for either conventional or organic farms.

“For growers considering transitioning to certified organic production, I sometimes recommend they get soil testing done and apply conventional fertilizer to get the soil up to where it needs to be, then let it stay out of production for the three-year requirement to meet organic certification. In some cases investing a fourth year is cheaper than slowly building soil nutrition up with fertilizers approved for organic production,” DeLisle says.

Greensand is another option for both organic and conventional farmers because it has a good concentration of a number of micronutrients. It has good potassium content (0-0-7) and is a good source of slow release calcium. Greensand is a sand or sediment that consists of dark greenish grains of glauconite that is usually mixed with clay or sand. It is a natural mineral that opens up tight soil and binds loose soil. It is mined most intensively in New Jersey, Arkansas and Texas.

Gypsum (0-0-0) is also a good source of calcium (23 percent) and sulphur (17 percent). Gypsum from discarded building material and other sources is commonly used in the upper Southeast as a supplemental calcium source for Virginia type peanuts. Compost is a commonly used practice for small acreage organic farms. It is low in nutrient value, but on both conventional or organic farms, it brings in a good source of micronutrients, building soil biological activity and increase cation exchange capacity, according to DeLisle. Cation exchange capability is the soil particle’s ability to hold on to the nutrients needed by plants. Compost is sort of like a glue to bind nutrients to the soil, DeLisle explains.

Among the numerous data on soil test samples, most experts agree cation exchange is the least understood. Any element with a positive charge is called a cation and, for agricultural purposes, it refers to the basic cations, calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), potassium (K+1) and sodium (Na+1) and the acidic cations, hydrogen (H+1) and aluminum (Al+3). The CEC refers to the total amount of these positively charged elements that a soil can hold.

The cations are held on "exchange sites" where one cation can be exchanged for the same type or a different cation. The CEC is expressed in milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq/100g) of soil. The larger this number, the more cations the soil can hold. A clay soil will have a larger CEC than a sandy soil. In the Southeast, where there are highly weathered soils, the dominant clay type is kaolinite, which has very little capacity to hold cations compared to other clays.

In some areas of the Southeast one or more of these organic sources of fertilizer are available to farmers. With today’s volatility in fertilizer costs and other input costs, these may be good options for conventional farmers to consider.

Source : http://southeastfarmpress.com

Read More

Assessing Soil Acidity

By  Richard Fisher, E. M Hutton, Avilio A. Franco, Anthony Juo, Donald Kass, and Dale Evans

What Is an acid soil? 

Soil scientists use ranges of pH values to describe the acidity of soils. Soils in the pH range of 6.8 to 7.2 are considered neutral. Any soil with a pH of less than 6.8 is considered acidic, and any soil with a pH of more than 7.2 is considered alkaline. Soils with a pH of less than 35 or more than 10 rarely support plant growth Acid soils are described as "mildly acidic," "moderately acidic," and "strongly acidic" as pH values decrease. Mildly and moderately acid soils may not be detrimental to the growth of most plants.

Regions in the tropics in which soils are likely to be acid or low in bases such as calcium and magnesium.

Source: Caudle (1991).

The term "acid soil" is usually reserved for soils in which many types of plants have difficulty growing. This manual is concerned with these strongly acidic soils. They are characterized by a pH of less than 5.5 and one or more chemical problems that limit plant growth. Such problems may include (1) toxic levels of available aluminum, (2) toxic levels of available manganese, and (3) infertility due to insufficient levels of other elements important for plant growth, particularly calcium and phosphorus. Strongly acidic soil conditions limit the kinds of plants that can grow, the productivity of those plants, and the efficiency of fertilizers applied to increase plant productivity.

What is pH? 

The acidity of a soil is assessed in terms of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution - the moisture in the soil - as measured in units of pH. The soil solution contains chemical elements in dissolved ionic form. Many of these function as essential plant nutrients, taken up from the soil solution by the roots of plants.

The acidity of a soil results from the relative presence or absence of acidic ions, such as hydrogen (H+), in the soil solution. Soil acidity increases with the increased presence of these ions and decreases with the increased presence of basic ions such as calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++).

The acidity of a soil solution is expressed on the pH scale as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. Because the pH scale is mathematically logarithmic, a pH change of one unit represents a ten-fold change in the acidity or alkalinity of the solution being measured. Thus a soil with pH 5 is ten times more acidic than a soil with pH 6. A soil with pH 4 is ten times more acidic than one with pH 5 and 100 times more acidic than a soil with pH 6.

How do soils become acidic?

Soils become acidic through the normal leaching action of rainfall over long periods of time. As rainwater moves down through the soil, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the soil atmosphere and forms weak carbonic acid. It also acquires weak organic acids as it encounters soil organic matter. This acidic solution attracts basic ions, such as calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+), detaches them from the soil exchange complex, and leaches them from the rooting zone. As these basic ions are leached, they are replaced by acidic ions of hydrogen (H+) and aluminum (Al+++). Over long geologic periods, soils in warm climates with high rainfall become severely depleted of basic ions and strongly acidified. Many of these acid soils also have levels of available aluminum or other ions that limit plant growth.

At a pH of 5.5, a soil generally does not inhibit the growth of crops or trees because it contains little available (exchangeable) aluminum. As pH decreases to 5.1 or lower, the amount of available aluminum increases and begins to interfere with the uptake of calcium and phosphorus, adversely affecting plant growth.

The soil taxonomy classification of the United States Department of Agriculture labels most tropical soils with a pH of less than 5.5 as Oxisols or Ultisols. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) calls these Ferralsols and Acrisols. The Oxisols, with aluminum saturations of 79 to 89 percent, are more harmful to leguminous trees and crops than are the Ultisols, with aluminum saturations of 49 to 64 percent. There are also some strongly acidic Entisols (called Arenosols by FAO), Inceptisols (classified as Cambisols, Plinthosols, and Gleysols by FAO), and Andisols (Andosols).

How does soil acidity affect the availability of nutrients? 

Plant roots obtain nutrients from the soil solution, and that solution's chemical composition is affected by its pH. Nutrient availability is greatest in soils with a pH between 55 and 65. When the soil solution falls outside this range, plants often show signs of nutrient deficiencies.

In alkaline soils at a pH above 7.0, phosphorus, iron, zinc, boron, and copper become less available to plants. In acid soils at a pH below 5.0, phosphorus and molybdenum become less available and soil nitrification slows down. Some nutrients - such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium - may be lost, and high levels of available iron or aluminum may lead to the formation of insoluble phosphate compounds, dramatically reducing the level of phosphate available to plants.

The two most important indicators of acid soil conditions that are severe enough to limit plant growth are low pH and high levels of available aluminum. Indeed, aluminum toxicity and soil infertility are often associated. In soils with a pH of 5.1 or lower, aluminum levels often constitute more than 50 percent of the cation exchange complex. Manganese toxicity can also occur in a soil with a pH of less than about 5.5, but manganese toxicity is not as common as aluminum toxicity.

How do you measure soil acidity? 

The best way to determine whether a soil is strongly acid is to consult a soil scientist. Failing this, a general soil survey map may be useful. Such a map may include specific information on soil pH and the degree of aluminum saturation. Otherwise, as a general "rule of thumb," soils classified as Oxisols or Ultisols are likely to be strongly acidic in tropical climates.

If you cannot consult a soil scientist or a reliable soil map, you may need to collect soil samples and have them analyzed. Take separate samples at depths of 0 to 20 cm, 20 to 50 cm, and 50 to 100 cm below the soil surface. The subsoil is normally the best indicator of acidity because the surface soil (at 0 to 20 cm) is often affected by recent management. Altogether, you will need about 10 separate samples at each depth for each distinct soil area in your site. Mix together the 10 samples for a specific area and depth and take a small subsample of the mixture.

You may be able to send your samples to a soil laboratory for analysis of pH and available aluminum levels. Alternatively, you can analyze the pH levels of your soil samples using a portable pH meter, colorimetric test kit, or test strips. Mix each subsample with an equal volume of pure water (rain water is preferable to tap water if deionized water is not available). After mixing, allow the soil particles to settle for a few minutes and then measure the pH of the solution above the soil particles.

Equipment for measuring pH is available by mail order or from retail outlets that specialize in agricultural or scientific supplies. Colorimetric pH test kits are fairly inexpensive but are less precise than electrochemical instruments. There is no simple field test for available aluminum, but if the pH is below 5.0, then available aluminum is likely to be high.

An alternative to analyzing the soil is to observe plant growth as an indicator of soil conditions. What kinds of plants are growing in the soil? The presence of plants that tolerate acid soils such as imperata grass, bracken ferns, and Stylosanthes species-is an indication of acid soil conditions. If crops are growing well, the soil is probably not highly acid. If, on the other hand, there are problems with beans, cotton, or maize crops, then soil acidity may be the culprit. Phaseolus beans (not cowpea types) are particularly sensitive to aluminum toxicity if they are growing well, aluminum may not be a problem.

How do you Interpret the results of a soil analysis? 

An analysis of soil nutrients is often expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 g of soil (meq/100 g). An equivalent expression is cmol charge/kg. Values given as milliequivalents per 100 g of soil may be converted to parts per million (ppm) as follows:
1 meq/100 g of K+ (potassium) = 391 ppm
1 meq/100 g of Al+++ (aluminum) = 90 ppm
1 meq/100 g of Mg++ (magnesium) = 122 ppm
1 meq/100 g of Ca++ (calcium) = 200 ppm
1 meq/100 g of Na+ (sodium) = 230 ppm.

 Phosphorus content is usually expressed as parts per million. Most field and vegetable crops will respond to additions of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers when soil phosphorus (sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO3]-extractable) is in the range of 8 to 15 ppm and exchangeable soil potassium is in the range of 60 to 100 ppm. Soil phosphorus above 25 ppm is considered adequate for maize. One important measure that can be obtained from soil test results is the percent of aluminum saturation. This value compares the amount of exchangeable aluminum in the soil with the sum of aluminum plus exchangeable bases, as in the formula:

 Al / (Ca + Mg + K + Na + Al) x 100 = % Al saturation

In most cases, not all of these elements need to be analyzed. As a minimum for calculating percent aluminum saturation, the content of aluminum, calcium, and magnesium should be determined.

Plant species and varieties differ in the amount of aluminum saturation they can tolerate: above that limit, plant growth is reduced. Generally, cowpea-type beans, males, rice, and cassava have high tolerance to aluminum (70-100% saturation), whereas phaseolus-type beans, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat have low to moderate tolerance (0-70%), and cotton and maize have low tolerance (0-40%). Some nitrogen fixing tree species are known to tolerate high levels of aluminum in the soil, but the critical level for many species is not known. Controlled experiments are required to provide this information for a number of tree species and, in some cases, for particular varieties and provenances.

If plants show stunting, crinkled leaves, or leaves with small brown spots, manganese toxicity may be suspected. To determine manganese toxicity, apply a 5 percent hydrogen peroxide solution to a soil sample: if the solution fizzes (makes bubbles), manganese toxicity may be a problem.

Source : http://www.fastonline.org

Read More

Peningkatan Produksi Tanaman Pangan Dengan Zeolit

Peningkatan Produksi Tanaman Pangan Dengan Pembenah Tanah Zeolit

Meskipun pengembangan pembenah tanah zeolit sudah lama dipromosikan oleh swasta di bidang pertanian, tetapi penggunaannya belum banyak diketahui petani. Sehubungan dengan pengetahuan petani terhadap zeolit masih rendah, maka hal ini mengakibatkan pemasaran zeolit masih terhambat.

Di samping itu, masalah lambatnya pengembangan pembenah tanah zeolit di bidang pertanian disebabkan kurangnya koordinasi antara pemerintah dan swasta dalam melakukan upaya tindak lanjut untuk mencapai sasaran yang dituju. Pada situasi dan kondisi seperti itu akhirnya zeolit sebagai “mineral masa depan multi guna” banyak diekspor. Penyebab masalah kesulitan pengembangan zeolit masa lalu tidak hanya harus diungkap, tetapi juga harus dicari solusi pemecahan masalahnya dengan mencari informasi langsung dari petani.

Pengembangan pembenah tanah zeolit di bidang pertanian selama ini banyak dilakukan swasta. Apa yang dilakukan swasta tersebut sangat baik jika ada informasi yang lengkap tentang dimana dan berapa luas (calon lokasi) lahan pertanian yang terdegradasi. Sebenarnya yang mempunyai informasi calon lokasi lahan pertanian yang terdegradasi adalah pemerintah. Keterlambatan pemerintah untuk merumuskan kebijakan tentang pengembangan pembenah tanah dijadikan alasan swasta untuk mempromosikan produknya langsung ke petani. Sebagai contoh, jenis pembenah tanah zeolit yang dikenal dan digunakan petani antara lain adalah ........ di Lampung, ...... di Jawa Barat, dan ....... di Jawa Timur. Sumber informasi pembenah tanah zeolit yang diperoleh petani terutama berasal dari agen distributor zeolit/pedagang, sedangkan informasi yang diperoleh dari penyuluh pertanian sangat kecil. Fakta di lapang membuktikan bahwa ada agen distributor zeolit yang memberi subsidi zeolit kepada petani untuk satu kali musim tanam.

Langkah swasta tersebut perlu disambut dengan baik, namun harus dipastikan terlebih dahulu mutunya. Zeolit yang bermutu baik dipastikan sudah lolos uji mutu (LUM) dan lolos uji efektivitas (LUE) dan mendapatkan Nomor Registrasi dari Pusat Perijinan dan Investasi (PPI) di Departemen Pertanian. Jika zeolit sudah lolos LUM dan LUE maka pada saat dilakukan demonstrasi plot (demplot), petugas PPL mengawal pelaksanaannya dengan sungguh-sungguh agar teknik demplot dilakukan dengan baik dan benar.

Jika tidak dilakukan pengawalan maka petani menentukan keinginannya sendiri, misal takaran pupuknya dikurangi disebabkan kekeliruan informasi bahwa zeolit dapat menggantikan peranan pupuk. Fakta menunjukkan bahwa hasil demonstrasi plot pembenah tanah zeolit yang dilakukan pada lahan pertanian milik petani ada yang menaikkan dan ada juga yang menurunkan gabah kering panen (GKP). Aplikasi Zeolit menaikkan hasil GKP, hal ini disebabkan ada petani yang memberikan pupuk kandang sebanyak 5 ton/ha, sehingga produksi GKP dapat mencapai 8.5 ton/ha. Peningkatan produksi GKP tidak hanya dipengaruhi pemberian pupuk kandang saja, tetapi jika dikombinasikan dengan zeolit maka efisiensi serapan hara yang berasal dari pupuk kandang dan pupuk anorganik lebih tinggi lagi. Aplikasi zeolit menurunkan hasil GKP, hal ini disebabkan takaran zeolit yang diberikan masih rendah, dan takaran pupuk SP-36 dan KCL dikurangi atau sama sekali tidak diberikan karena kelangkaan pupuk atau harganya mahal, dan agen distributor zeolit tidak memberi subsidi pupuk anorganik karena alasan keterbatasan dana.

Pupuk organik dan zeolit yang diberikan secara bersamaan dengan dosis yang tepat dapat mempertahankan kelembaban tanah yang lebih lama, sehingga fluktuasi suhu di sekitar perakaran sangat kecil dan suhu tidak naik drastis (suhu tanah relatif stabil) setelah air diberikan ke tanah. Tanpa pemberian zeolit maka suhu tanah di sekitar perakaran meningkat drastis yang mengakibatkan kandungan C-organik cepat teoksidasi dan ketersediaannya di dalam tanah tidak dapat dipertahankan lebih lama lagi.

Pengalaman membuktikan jika 100 ton pupuk kandang diberikan pada lahan masam yang didominasi mineral kaolinit untuk budidaya tanaman nenas dengan teknologi tinggi, maka dalam waktu kurang dari 6 bulan kandungan C-organik di dalam tanah turun kembali pada nilai sebelum pemberiannya yaitu 1%, hal ini disebabkan tingkat degradasi lahannya sudah berat. Pengelolaan lahan tergradasi dengan teknologi tinggi mulai dari pengolahan lahan dengan traktor, pemberian pupuk anorganik cair tidak akan pernah menyelesaikan masalah. Fakta membuktikan bahwa setelah tanah diolah maka begitu turun hujan tanah menjadi padat lagi, dan pupuk cair yang diberikan banyak hilang tercuci, sehingga efisiensi pemupukan sangat sulit ditingkatkan dan indikatornya adalah penurunan produktivitas lahan sampai 50%. Formulasi pemberian zeolit dan bahan organik serta pupuk anorganik dengan takaran yang relatif berimbang berdasarkan uji tanah spesifik lokasi dapat memperbaiki sifat fisika, kimia, dan biologi tanah. Hasil penelitian pengaruh zeolit dengan merek tertentu terhadap produktivitas lahan sawah dan pertumbuhan serta hasil padi varietas IR-64 di 3 tempat dengan kondisi sawah yang berbeda (sawah tadah hujan, sawah berpengairan teknis, sawah berpengairan desa) bahwa takaran zeolit masing-masing adalah 150 kg/ha untuk lahan sawah berpengairan teknis di Desa Sukadana (Subang), 200 kg/ha untuk lahan sawah tadah hujan di Desa Bangle (Karawang), 250 kg/ha untuk lahan sawah berpengairan desa di Desa Cacuban (Sumedang). Tingkat efisiensi pemberian zeolit meningkat dengan meningkatnya kandungan pasir+debu, dimana tingkat efisiensi dari tinggi sampai rendah, yaitu 56% di Sumedang, 35% di Karawang, dan 31% di Subang. Peningkatan efisiensi pemberian zeolit cenderung berkorelasi dengan kandungan pasir + debu, dimana tingkat efisiensi pemberian zeolit 35% di Karawang dengan kandungan (pasir + debu) 44% dengan pendapatan bersih Rp. 2.820,- dan tingkat efisiensi 31% di Subang dengan kandungan (pasir+debu) 14% dengan pendapatan bersih Rp. 2.315,- untuk setiap I (satu) kg zeolit (Sumber: Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Lembang, 1997). Selama teknis pelaksanaan inovasi teknologi yang diterapkan oleh petani sudah baik dan benar, maka pemberian pembenah tanah zeolit dapat meningkatkan produksi GPK > 25%. Perbedaan peningkatan produksi GKP sangat ditentukan perbedaan faktor teknis panca usahatani, yaitu: (1) sempurna dan tidak sempurnanya pelumpuran tanah setelah tanah diolah dua kali, (2) potensi daya hasil dari varietas padi yang ditanam tinggi atau rendah, (3) takaran pupuk yang diberikan berimbang atau tidak, (4) cara pemberian air teratur atau tidak, (5) pencegahan hama dan penyakit tanaman teratur atau tidak. Sebaliknya, pembenahan tanah tidak berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan produksi GKP, hal ini disebabkan teknis pelaksanaan inovasi teknologi pembenahan tanah yang diterapkan petani tidak mengikuti petunjuk, misal pembenahan tanah dan pupuk tidak dicampur rata, apalagi panca usahatani tidak dilakukan dengan baik.
Aplikasi pembenah tanah zeolit sebaiknya tidak dilakukan pada tipologi lahan yang mempunyai kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) rendah (sekitar 5 cmol (+) kg-1) seperti pada jenis tanah regosol, podsolik merah kuning, letosol cokelat kemerahan.

Prospek penggunaan dan pengembangan pembenah tanah zeolit sangat baik, sebab kenyataanya sudah terjadi kerusakan tanah yang ditandai dengan fenomena levelling-off, dan hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa pemberian zeolit berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan produksi tanaman.


Oleh karena itu, pemerintah secepatnya menyusun strategi ke depan tentang kebijakan revitalisasi pembenah tanah untuk memperbaiki lahan kritis, sehingga produktivitas lahan dan peningkatan kesejahteraan petani dipertahankan secara berkelanjutan, dan swasembada pangan dapat dicapai dalam kurun waktu yang tidak terlalu lama.

M. Al - Jabri
Penulis adalah Peneliti Utama – Balai Penelitian Tanah, Badan Litbang Pertanian
Dimuat dalam Tabloid Sinar Tani, 7 Januari 2009

Read More